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Ten years ago, a central theme in the energy policies of several European countries, from Spain to Germany and Sweden, was the closure of aging nuclear reactors.",{"data":99,"content":100,"nodeType":90},{},[101,105,114],{"data":102,"marks":103,"value":104,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Today, the trend seems to have reversed. In Germany, ",{"data":106,"content":108,"nodeType":113},{"uri":107},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dw.com\u002Fen\u002Fgermany-nuclear-power-plants-european-union-energy-policy\u002Fa-76305267",[109],{"data":110,"marks":111,"value":112,"nodeType":46},{},[],"the possible restart of the last three reactors closed in 2023 has recently sparked debate","hyperlink",{"data":115,"marks":116,"value":117,"nodeType":46},{},[],", running into strong opposition within the governing coalition. Belgium, by contrast, has decided to take the plunge, announcing its intention to nationalize its nuclear fleet and restart reactors that had been shut down in what was thought to be a definitive closure.",{"data":119,"content":120,"nodeType":125},{},[121],{"data":122,"marks":123,"value":124,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Belgium's nuclear fleet: the story of a turnaround","heading-2",{"data":127,"content":128,"nodeType":90},{},[129],{"data":130,"marks":131,"value":132,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Belgium has seven pressurized water reactors, spread across two sites: the Doel plant in Flanders and the Tihange plant in Wallonia. Of these, only two are currently in operation: Doel 4 and Tihange 3. A 2003 law had provided for the permanent shutdown of the entire fleet after forty years of operation, meaning by 2025 at the latest for the most recent units.",{"data":134,"content":135,"nodeType":90},{},[136],{"data":137,"marks":138,"value":139,"nodeType":46},{},[],"From 2015 onward, however, the timeline was relaxed on several occasions, before the Belgian Parliament finally voted in 2025 to repeal the 2003 law. In April 2026, the Belgian state announced its intention to undertake a “full takeover” of the fleet, opening exclusive negotiations with Engie to acquire all of the group’s nuclear activities in Belgium, including staff and specialized subsidiaries.",{"data":141,"content":142,"nodeType":90},{},[143,147,155,159,167],{"data":144,"marks":145,"value":146,"nodeType":46},{},[],"This takeover ",{"data":148,"content":150,"nodeType":113},{"uri":149},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vrt.be\u002Fvrtnws\u002Ffr\u002F2026\u002F04\u002F30\u002Fle-gouvernement-federal-entame-des-negociations-avec-engie-pour\u002F",[151],{"data":152,"marks":153,"value":154,"nodeType":46},{},[],"primarily envisages restarting Tihange 1",{"data":156,"marks":157,"value":158,"nodeType":46},{},[],", and possibly Doel 1 and Doel 2, all three of which were ",{"data":160,"content":162,"nodeType":113},{"uri":161},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rtbf.be\u002Farticle\u002Fl-etat-entame-des-negociations-pour-l-acquisition-des-activites-nucleaires-d-engie-11717331",[163],{"data":164,"marks":165,"value":166,"nodeType":46},{},[],"permanently shut down in 2025",{"data":168,"marks":169,"value":170,"nodeType":46},{},[],". For these three reactors, nuclear fuel has already been removed as part of shutdown operations, although decommissioning has not begun.",{"data":172,"content":173,"nodeType":90},{},[174,178,186],{"data":175,"marks":176,"value":177,"nodeType":46},{},[],"The cost of restarting Tihange 1 ",{"data":179,"content":181,"nodeType":113},{"uri":180},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.radiantenergygroup.com\u002Freports\u002Fthe-feasibility-of-restarting-belgium-s-nuclear-reactors-a-question-of-political-will",[182],{"data":183,"marks":184,"value":185,"nodeType":46},{},[],"is estimated at between 350 and 500 million euros, according to consultancy",{"data":187,"marks":188,"value":189,"nodeType":46},{},[]," Radiant Energy Group. That is certainly expensive, but well below the cost of building an equivalent new plant. This window of opportunity remains open only on condition of a swift suspension of the shutdown process, the reactivation of regulatory authorizations and the retention of staff.",{"data":191,"content":192,"nodeType":90},{},[193,197,204],{"data":194,"marks":195,"value":196,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Restarting Doel 3 and Tihange 2, shut down in 2022 and 2023, would be far more complex: ",{"data":198,"content":199,"nodeType":113},{"uri":161},[200],{"data":201,"marks":202,"value":203,"nodeType":46},{},[],"some work has already begun",{"data":205,"marks":206,"value":207,"nodeType":46},{},[],", notably the removal of fuel and the dismantling of the steam turbines. Decommissioning of the nuclear island, however, has not started.",{"data":209,"content":210,"nodeType":90},{},[211],{"data":212,"marks":213,"value":214,"nodeType":46},{},[],"At the heart of this Belgian turnaround lies the 2022 energy crisis, which exposed the fragility of grids dependent on fossil fuels and revived concerns about security of supply across the continent.",{"data":216,"content":217,"nodeType":125},{},[218],{"data":219,"marks":220,"value":221,"nodeType":46},{},[],"The United States is also drawn to restarts",{"data":223,"content":224,"nodeType":90},{},[225],{"data":226,"marks":227,"value":228,"nodeType":46},{},[],"The Belgian situation is not without parallel: in the United States, two sites are indeed nearing restart. Rather than energy independence, these restarts are driven by the rise of artificial intelligence and the highly energy-intensive data centers that depend on it.",{"data":230,"content":231,"nodeType":90},{},[232],{"data":233,"marks":234,"value":235,"nodeType":46},{},[],"The first case is Palisades. The plant was shut down in May 2022 because it was no longer profitable in an electricity market dominated by natural gas. The American group Holtec, one of whose activities is to take over end-of-life nuclear plants and handle their decommissioning, drawing payment from the funds set aside for that purpose by their former operators, had bought the plant with the stated intention of decommissioning it. That decommissioning process was indeed under way, but without irreversible destruction of the main structures.",{"data":237,"content":238,"nodeType":90},{},[239,243,251],{"data":240,"marks":241,"value":242,"nodeType":46},{},[],"The situation changed with the rise of data centers, prompting Holtec to request and obtain ",{"data":244,"content":246,"nodeType":113},{"uri":245},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ans.org\u002Fnews\u002F2025-10-21\u002Farticle-7481\u002Fholtec-announces-new-fuel-arrival-ahead-of-restart\u002F",[247],{"data":248,"marks":249,"value":250,"nodeType":46},{},[],"the reactivation of its operating license in 2025",{"data":252,"marks":253,"value":254,"nodeType":46},{},[],". The plant received fuel on site this past October, with a restart announced for sometime in 2026 or early 2027. This would be the first restart of a US reactor that had undergone a “permanent” shutdown in the country’s history.",{"data":256,"content":257,"nodeType":90},{},[258,262,270],{"data":259,"marks":260,"value":261,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Unit 1 of the Three Mile Island plant, shut down in 2019 and renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center, is also set for ",{"data":263,"content":265,"nodeType":113},{"uri":264},"https:\u002F\u002Fsustainabilitymag.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmicrosoft-constellation-restarting-a-nuclear-reactor",[266],{"data":267,"marks":268,"value":269,"nodeType":46},{},[],"a restart now targeted for 2027 (ahead of the original schedule)",{"data":271,"marks":272,"value":273,"nodeType":46},{},[],", backed by a 1.6-billion-dollar refurbishment program tied to a twenty-year power purchase agreement with Microsoft.",{"data":275,"content":276,"nodeType":90},{},[277],{"data":278,"marks":279,"value":280,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Until now, this reactor had been in a dormant state known as SAFSTOR (for safe storage) under the designation used by the US regulator. In this state, the site is shut down for an extended period, the uranium fuel is removed from the reactor and the facility is kept in a safe, stable condition without decommissioning. The restart project does not affect the decommissioning of Unit 2, the site of the 1979 accident.",{"data":282,"content":283,"nodeType":90},{},[284,288,296],{"data":285,"marks":286,"value":287,"nodeType":46},{},[],"These cases may bring to mind the situation of the Fessenheim plant, whose 2020 closure attracted considerable comment. However, there is no longer any debate to be had on that score: following the removal of the fuel, the withdrawal of operating licenses and ",{"data":289,"content":291,"nodeType":113},{"uri":290},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lemonde.fr\u002Fplanete\u002Farticle\u002F2026\u002F05\u002F03\u002Ffessenheim-feu-vert-au-demantelement-total-de-la-centrale-nucleaire-une-etape-decisive-dans-la-reconversion-du-site_6685216_3244.html",[292],{"data":293,"marks":294,"value":295,"nodeType":46},{},[],"the 3 May 2026 decree ordering decommissioning",{"data":297,"marks":298,"value":299,"nodeType":46},{},[],", the first major operations could begin as early as the end of June 2026, resulting in irreversible destruction. In that configuration, resuming operation would amount to a new-build project, with costs close to those of building on a greenfield site and considerable technical complexity.",{"data":301,"content":302,"nodeType":125},{},[303],{"data":304,"marks":305,"value":306,"nodeType":46},{},[],"A complex project to manage",{"data":308,"content":309,"nodeType":90},{},[310],{"data":311,"marks":312,"value":313,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Whatever the restart scenario under consideration, some of the technical and organizational risks are common to every project.",{"data":315,"content":316,"nodeType":90},{},[317,321,329],{"data":318,"marks":319,"value":320,"nodeType":46},{},[],"The first challenge is rebuilding the engineering documentation base. A nuclear plant accumulates forty years or more of documentation: as-built drawings, modification histories, inspection reports, safety case files and material certificates. After a shutdown, this data becomes fragmented for several reasons: data histories can be interrupted and modifications carried out may not be reflected in the systems used for operations (EAM, procedures and so on). The dispersal of staff, both internal and external, also leads to a loss of the informal knowledge that once guided the interpretation of data and documents. Cumulatively, these factors create a widening gap between the facility as it actually is and the facility as described in the documentation. Yet operators need a reliable, up-to-date picture of the plant",{"data":322,"content":324,"nodeType":113},{"uri":323},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.connaissancedesenergies.org\u002Ftribune-actualite-energies\u002Fremettre-en-service-des-reacteurs-nucleaires-une-perspective-attirante-mais-complexe#notes",[325],{"data":326,"marks":327,"value":328,"nodeType":46},{},[],"(1)",{"data":330,"marks":331,"value":332,"nodeType":46},{},[],".",{"data":334,"content":335,"nodeType":90},{},[336],{"data":337,"marks":338,"value":339,"nodeType":46},{},[],"This information also feeds into several of the workstreams run in parallel to carry out restart or lifetime extension projects: applications to national safety authorities, equipment replacement, civil engineering and structural inspections, system-by-system requalification, fuel procurement, staff certification and grid connection.",{"data":341,"content":342,"nodeType":90},{},[343,347,354,358,366],{"data":344,"marks":345,"value":346,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Each of these workstreams carries its own dependencies, schedule risks and budget exposure. A single error can trigger delays that ripple across all of them",{"data":348,"content":349,"nodeType":113},{"uri":323},[350],{"data":351,"marks":352,"value":353,"nodeType":46},{},[],"(2)",{"data":355,"marks":356,"value":357,"nodeType":46},{},[],". At the Crane Clean Energy Center, the turbine, the main generator, the cooling systems and the main transformer are being replaced or refurbished simultaneously. These replacements can carry considerable costs and lead times: the main transformer replacement, for instance, is expected in 2027 and will have taken almost two years to manufacture, at a cost of ",{"data":359,"content":361,"nodeType":113},{"uri":360},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thestar.com.my\u002Ftech\u002Ftech-news\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F22\u002Fthree-mile-island-nuclear-plant-gears-up-for-big-tech-reboot",[362],{"data":363,"marks":364,"value":365,"nodeType":46},{},[],"more than 100 million dollars",{"data":367,"marks":368,"value":332,"nodeType":46},{},[],{"data":370,"content":371,"nodeType":125},{},[372],{"data":373,"marks":374,"value":375,"nodeType":46},{},[],"What about the condition of components?",{"data":377,"content":378,"nodeType":90},{},[379],{"data":380,"marks":381,"value":382,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Even for reactors that do not need to be “reactivated” but are instead set for a lifetime extension, such as Doel 4 and Tihange 3 in Belgium, the question of component aging arises. Which systems have accumulated fatigue? What potential failure modes, still invisible, might appear in the reactor vessel, the steam generators, the circuits or the instrumentation and control systems, all designed for a forty-year service life and now being asked to run for sixty?",{"data":384,"content":385,"nodeType":90},{},[386],{"data":387,"marks":388,"value":389,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Two pitfalls await the operator: replacing what is still working prematurely, at the cost of considerable and unnecessary investment, or allowing critical components to degrade until they fail in service. Hence, the need for risk-based enterprise asset management (EAM), capable of assessing each component along two dimensions: the probability of failure, estimated from its actual condition as continuously measured, and the severity of the consequences should that failure occur. Combining these two parameters is meant to establish an objective hierarchy of investment priorities.",{"data":391,"content":392,"nodeType":90},{},[393],{"data":394,"marks":395,"value":396,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Last but not least are the questions tied to a change of ownership. The plan to take over Belgium’s nuclear fleet adds the complexity of a full transfer of regulatory responsibility, in which the new operator inherits not only the physical assets but the entire quality management system: certifications, staff qualifications, procedure libraries, corrective action programs, supplier qualification records and more.",{"data":398,"content":399,"nodeType":90},{},[400],{"data":401,"marks":402,"value":403,"nodeType":46},{},[],"Even though today’s digital tools make it possible to manage these projects, the undertaking remains a complex one. But at a time when energy security is a paramount concern, the prospect of bringing low-carbon sites back into operation is particularly attractive, as confirmed by the comparable cases of Japan, which is restarting its reactors after tightening safety standards following Fukushima, and South Korea, which has reversed its plan to scale back nuclear power. If the Belgian and American examples manage to keep within reasonable timeframes and costs, there is little doubt that they could inspire others to follow 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